模块 04词类与短语

15 代词:形式要匹配句法位置,指代要让读者找得到

代词让我们不必反复说同一个名词,也能直接指向说话人、听话人和语境中的对象。它的难点有两层:形式上要选对人称、数和格;意义上必须让读者清楚它究竟指谁、指什么。

约 15 分钟 20 个复习节点 学习中

本章学习目标

学完本章,你应该能够:

  1. 正确选择人称代词的主格、宾格、所有格和反身形式。
  2. 区分物主限定词与独立物主代词,以及反身与强调用法。
  3. 掌握常见指示、不定、疑问和关系代词的功能。
  4. 区分 it、one/ones、单数 they 等高频形式。
  5. 在阅读中建立指代链,在写作中消除含糊或无先行对象的代词。

学前诊断:语法形式正确,就一定表达清楚吗

When Lina called Mei, she was leaving the office. 句中的 she 指 Lina 还是 Mei?这个句子有语法错误吗?

答案与提示

单凭这句话无法确定。它的代词形式没有明显错误,但指代关系含糊。写作时应改成 Lina was leaving ...、Mei was leaving ...,或补充能排除另一种理解的语境。代词不仅要形式匹配,还要让先行对象唯一可恢复。

1. 核心直觉:代词是一张“指向卡”

看下面的短文:

Maya downloaded a report. She read it that evening and sent it to her classmates.

  • She 指向 Maya。
  • 两个 it 都指向 a report。
  • her 指出同学与 Maya 的关系。

代词本身提供的信息有限。读者要结合人称、单复数、语法位置和上下文,把它接回正确对象。

一个代词即使形式正确,只要读者不知道它指什么,句子仍然没有写清楚。

2. 人称代词全表:先看位置,再选形式

人称主格宾格物主限定词独立物主代词反身形式
第一人称单数Imemyminemyself
第一人称复数weusouroursourselves
第二人称youyouyouryoursyourself/yourselves
第三人称男性hehimhishishimself
第三人称女性sheherherhersherself
第三人称事物ititits较少独立使用itself
第三人称复数/单数中性theythemtheirtheirsthemselves/themself

术语体系可能把 my/your 称作“形容词性物主代词”,也可能更准确地称为物主限定词。名称可以不同,结构事实相同:它后面通常要接名词。

3. 主格与宾格:做什么成分就用什么格

3.1 主语用主格

  • She called me.
  • They are ready.

3.2 动词或介词后用宾格

  • I called her.
  • The message is for them.

3.3 并列结构用“删去测试”

Maya and I submitted the form.

删去 Maya and 后是 I submitted the form,所以用 I。

The teacher spoke to Maya and me.

删去 Maya and 后是 The teacher spoke to me,所以用 me。

正式写作中避免 Me and my friend completed the task;应写 My friend and I completed the task。

4. my 与 mine:后面有没有名词

4.1 物主限定词

This is my notebook.

my 限定后面的名词,不能单独代替整个名词短语。

4.2 独立物主代词

This notebook is mine.

mine 相当于 my notebook,后面不再接名词。

比较:

  • our classroom / the classroom is ours
  • their decision / the decision is theirs

错误:mine notebook, theirs decision

5. 反身形式:必需成分还是强调信息

5.1 反身代词:动作回到同一对象

Maya introduced herself.

主语和宾语指同一个人,因此使用反身形式,而不是 Maya introduced her。

常见固定表达:

  • enjoy yourself
  • help yourself to ...
  • by myself(独自)

5.2 强调代词:删掉后骨架仍完整

Maya checked the figures herself.

herself 强调“本人亲自”。删去后 Maya checked the figures 仍完整。

比较:

  • He blamed himself.:himself 是必需宾语。
  • He prepared the slides himself.:himself 是可删的强调成分。

5.3 不要把反身代词当“更礼貌的宾格”

不自然:Please contact Lina or myself.

标准写法:Please contact Lina or me.

反身代词需要有合适的回指关系,不能只因为想显得正式就使用。

6. 相互代词:动作在成员之间双向发生

  • each other
  • one another

The two teams respect each other.

传统规则有时按“两者/三者以上”区分二者,但现代英语通常不严格执行。重点是主语必须包含多个参与者,并且关系相互成立。

所有格形式:each other's ideas, one another's work。

7. 指示形式:不仅表示物理远近

单复数较近/当前较远/前文
单数thisthat
复数thesethose

作限定词:this chapter, those examples

作代词:This is useful. Those are outdated.

它们还可指篇章内容:

The deadline was moved. This gave us more time.

这里 This 指前面整件事。

但正式写作中单独的 this 可能过于模糊。可补一个概括名词:

This change gave us more time.

8. it 的三项任务

8.1 回指特定单数事物

I found the key and put it in my bag.

这里必须是前面那把特定钥匙,不是同类中的另一把。

8.2 形式主语

It is important to check the source.

真正承载内容的是 to check the source;it 先占据英语常见的主语位置。

It is clear that the plan needs revision.

8.3 时间、天气和距离等无具体所指用法

  • It is raining.
  • It is nearly midnight.
  • It is five kilometres to the station.

这些 it 不回指前文中的具体名词。

9. it 与 one/ones

I lost my pen, so I bought a new one.

one 代替“同类中的另一个单数可数对象”。

I found my pen and put it in my bag.

it 回指前面提到的同一个对象。

想表达选择
同一个特定对象it/them
同类中的另一个one/ones
  • the red one
  • the smaller ones

one/ones 一般不代替不可数名词。要避免重复,可省略、换量词或重新组织句子。

10. 单数 they:性别未知或不必说明

If a student has a question, they can ask after class.

单数 they/them/their 在现代英语中广泛用于:

  1. 先行对象性别未知或不重要。
  2. 指代使用 they 的特定个人。

Everyone should bring their ID.

虽然 everyone 在主谓一致中通常接单数谓语 is/has,后续代词仍可自然使用单数 they/their。

11. 不定代词和数量表达

很多传统教材把下列词统称“不定代词”,现代语法会区分它们作限定词还是独立代词。学习时先看结构:后面是否直接接名词。

11.1 可数与不可数

可数复数不可数意义
many studentsmuch time多
a few studentsa little time有一些,偏肯定
few studentslittle time几乎没有,偏否定

a lot of 可同时用于可数复数和不可数名词,在普通语体中很常见。

11.2 some / any

  • some 常用于肯定陈述:We need some help.
  • any 常用于疑问和否定:Do you have any questions?
  • 希望对方接受的邀请或请求常用 some:Would you like some tea?
  • any 在肯定句中可表示“任何一个”:Any student can apply.

因此,“肯定句用 some,疑问句用 any”只是起点,不是完整规则。

11.3 each / every

  • each 强调逐个看,可单独作代词:Each has a label.
  • every 强调把所有成员纳入整体,后面通常要接单数名词:Every file has a label.

两者都常接单数名词和单数谓语。each of + 复数代词/限定名词:Each of them is ready.

11.4 both / either / neither

  • both:两者都,通常按复数。
  • either:两者中的任一个,单独作主语时正式写作通常按单数。
  • neither:两者都不,正式写作通常按单数。

Both options are practical, but neither is cheap.

11.5 another / other / the other / others

形式常见意义例子
another + 单数再一个、另一个未特指对象another example
other + 复数/不可数其他的other examples, other information
the other + 单数两者中剩下的那个the other option
others其他人或物,后面不接名词Some agreed; others did not.
the others某一明确范围内剩下的全部Two left; the others stayed.

12. 复合不定代词

指人:someone, anyone, everyone, no one

指事物:something, anything, everything, nothing

12.1 谓语通常用单数

Everyone is ready.

12.2 形容词放在后面

  • something useful
  • nothing unusual

错误:useful something

12.3 后续可用单数 they

Someone left their notebook here.

13. 疑问代词:未知成分在句中做什么

  • Who called?:who 作主语。
  • Who did you call?:who 作宾语,现代普通英语中最常见。
  • Whom did you call?:正式宾格形式。
  • To whom did you speak?:介词前置的正式结构通常用 whom。
  • What happened?
  • Which do you prefer?
  • Whose is this?

which 通常从已知或有限范围中选择;what 的范围更开放。

14. 同样的形式,也能连接从句

14.1 名词性从句中的疑问词或融合关系词

  • I don't know who called.
  • What she suggested makes sense.
  • Choose whichever suits you best.

这些词既连接从句,又在从句内部承担成分。详见名词性从句章节。

14.2 定语从句中的关系代词

  • the student who called
  • the file that I downloaded
  • the author whose book won the prize

关系代词把从句连接到先行词,并在从句中占据一个位置。详见形容词性从句章节。

15. 阅读够用:建立“指代链”

例句:

The committee revised the proposal after it received feedback from students. They had raised concerns about its cost.

逐个检查:

  • 第一个 it 最可能指 the committee 还是 the proposal?从“接收反馈”的语义看,两者理论上都可能,需要更多语境。
  • They 最自然地指 students。
  • its cost 最自然地指 the proposal's cost。

这个例子故意含糊,提醒我们:语法上的单复数匹配只能缩小范围,不能总能确定答案。

阅读步骤:

  1. 标出代词的人称和单复数。
  2. 向前寻找形式匹配的候选对象。
  3. 检查语义是否合理。
  4. 若有多个候选,保留歧义并用后文验证。

16. 写作够用:让每个代词只有一个自然答案

16.1 避免两个候选对象

含糊:When Lina spoke to Maya, she was worried.

改写:

  • Lina was worried when she spoke to Maya.
  • When Lina spoke to Maya, Maya seemed worried.

16.2 避免无明确所指的 they

含糊:They say the policy will change.

若来源重要,应写:The admissions office says the policy will change.

16.3 用概括名词补清 this/that

较弱:The deadline was extended. This helped.

更清楚:The deadline was extended. This change gave students more time.

16.4 保持人称一致

不稳:When a student applies, you should check the deadline.

更稳:When students apply, they should check the deadline.

17. 自检题

题目

  1. 选择:Maya and (I / me) finished the report.
  2. 选择:The teacher spoke to Omar and (I / me).
  3. 改错:This notebook is her, and that one is my.
  4. 判断 herself 的功能:She corrected herself. / She corrected the draft herself.
  5. 选择:I lost my umbrella, so I bought (it / a new one).
  6. 改错:Please contact Lina or myself.
  7. 填空:There is ___ useful in the appendix. (something / useful something)
  8. 选择:We have (few / a few) minutes, so we can check one more example.
  9. 选择:Would you like (some / any) help?
  10. 消除歧义:When Kai called Jun, he was at the station.
  11. 找出先行对象:The laptop was beside the printer, but it was not connected.
  12. 翻译:每个人都应该检查自己的答案。
答案与解析
  1. I。整个并列结构作主语;删去 Maya and 后仍是 I finished ...。
  2. me。位于介词 to 后作宾语。
  3. This notebook is hers, and that one is mine. 独立物主代词后不接名词。
  4. 第一处是反身宾语;第二处是强调成分,表示她亲自修改。
  5. a new one。买的是同类中的另一个,不是丢失的同一把。
  6. Please contact Lina or me. 此处没有回指主语的条件。
  7. something useful。形容词修饰复合不定代词时后置。
  8. a few。表示还有一些时间;few 强调几乎没有。
  9. some。这是希望对方接受的主动提议。
  10. 必须按想表达的对象重写,例如 Kai was at the station when he called Jun 或 When Kai called Jun, Jun was at the station。
  11. 单凭该句,it 可指 laptop 或 printer,存在真实歧义,需要上下文或改写。
  12. Everyone should check their own answers. 单数 their 自然回指 everyone。

18. 复习清单

完成本章后

把“看懂”变成“能独立判断”

确认你已经完成自检题,并能说出本章的判断步骤。