06 非谓语动词:让一个动作进入句子,却不另起一个分句
非谓语动词的核心不是背 to do / doing / done,而是理解:英语怎样把“另一个动作”变成主语、宾语、修饰语或状语,同时不让它成为新的限定分句。
本章学习目标
学完本章,你应该能够:
- 区分限定动词词组与非谓语形式。
- 理解不定式、
-ing形式和过去分词的核心意义与句法功能。 - 根据逻辑主语、主动/被动和先后关系选择形式。
- 识别动词后接不定式或动名词时的搭配与意义差别。
- 阅读时展开压缩结构,写作时避免动词堆叠和悬垂分词。
学前诊断:句中有几个动作,就有几个谓语吗
分析:The editor hopes to finish reviewing the report today. 句中有三个动词形式,它们都在独立承担时态和主谓一致吗?
答案与提示
不是。只有 hopes 是主句的限定动词;to finish 是 hopes 的补足成分,reviewing 又是 finish 的宾语。非谓语形式仍然表达动作,也能带自己的成分,但不会单独建立一个有时态和一致关系的新分句。
1. 为什么需要非谓语形式
想表达“艾拉计划参加会议”,英语不能把两个需要变化的动词直接并排:
- 错误:
Ella plans attends the meeting. - 正确:
Ella plans to attend the meeting.
plans 承担现在时和第三人称单数;to attend 保留“参加”的动作意义,但不再独立承担时态和主谓一致。
再看:
Reading before class helps students understand the lecture.
- 限定动词:
helps - 非谓语结构:
Reading before class - 非谓语结构的工作:整件“课前阅读”做主语
2. 先找分句,再找非谓语
判断步骤:
- 找出所有动词形式。
- 根据连接词确定有几个分句。
- 在每个分句中找承担时态/一致关系的限定动词词组。
- 剩下的
to do / doing / done再判断其功能和逻辑关系。
例句:
The analyst who joined us last month hopes to finish reviewing the data today.
| 动词形式 | 身份 | 理由 |
|---|---|---|
joined | 定语从句的限定动词 | 由 who 引出新分句,表达过去 |
hopes | 主句限定动词 | 与单数主语 The analyst 一致 |
to finish | 不定式 | 做 hopes 的补足成分 |
reviewing | -ing 形式 | 做 finish 的宾语 |
3. 非谓语形式总览
| 形式 | 常见核心意义 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
to do | 目标、尚待实现或作为一个整体看待的动作 | a task to complete |
| 动词原形 bare infinitive | 感知完整动作、使役、情态动词之后等 | let us leave |
doing | 活动本身;主动或正在展开的关系 | Reading helps. / students waiting outside |
done | 被动关系或动作形成的状态 | documents signed yesterday |
名称中的“现在分词”和“过去分词”不表示现在或过去时间。非谓语动作的时间要由主句、上下文以及 having done / to have done 等形式表达。
4. 不定式:把动作当作目标、内容或后续信息
4.1 基本形式
| 形式 | 结构 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般主动 | to do | She hopes to return. |
| 一般被动 | to be done | The form needs to be signed. |
| 进行 | to be doing | He seems to be waiting. |
| 完成 | to have done | She appears to have left. |
| 完成被动 | to have been done | The work seems to have been completed. |
一般不定式的时间常相对于主句理解;完成不定式明确表示动作更早。
4.2 作主语:谈一个行为或目标
To check every source takes time.
更常见的自然结构是使用形式主语 it:
It takes time to check every source.
这里 it 先占主语位置,真正的内容是后面的不定式。
4.3 作动词的补足成分
We decided to postpone the meeting.
有些动词常接不定式,如 decide, hope, plan, promise, refuse, want, expect。这是词汇搭配的一部分,不能只靠中文意义推导。
4.4 作宾语补语
The instructor asked us to revise the paragraph.
- 宾语:
us - 宾语补语:
to revise the paragraph - 逻辑关系:
we revise the paragraph
常见结构:verb + object + to do,如 ask, advise, allow, expect, invite, remind, tell, want。
4.5 裸不定式
不带 to 的动词原形常见于:
- 情态动词后:
You must leave now. let / make / have + 宾语后:The joke made everyone laugh.- 感官动词后,强调完整动作:
I saw her cross the street. help后可带或不带to:They helped us (to) move the chairs.
主动语态的 make + 宾语 + do 变为被动时,to 通常恢复:
We were made to wait outside.
4.6 作定语:说明用途、任务或将来关系
We need a quiet place to study.
to study 修饰 place。它与中心名词的语义关系可能不同:
- 动宾关系:
a report to finish,完成报告 - 主谓关系:
the next person to speak,下一个发言的人 - 用途关系:
a tool to measure distance,测量距离的工具
写作时要检查不定式所需的介词是否缺失:
a chair to sit ona colleague to work with
4.7 作状语:目的、原因和结果
- 目的:
She took notes to remember the details. - 情绪原因:
I was relieved to hear the news. - 结果:
He returned home to find the door open.
目的不定式的逻辑主语通常与主句主语一致。若不一致,需要更明确的结构。
5. -ing 形式:活动本身或主动展开的关系
传统教学常把名词性功能称为动名词 gerund,把修饰性功能称为现在分词 present participle。两者形式相同,现代语法也常统一称为 -ing form。本章保留传统名称,但判断时优先看功能。
5.1 动名词作主语、宾语和表语
- 主语:
Reviewing regularly improves memory. - 宾语:
She enjoys solving difficult problems. - 表语:
His main task is checking the data.
介词后如果表达动作,通常使用 -ing:
before leavingby comparing the two versionslook forward to hearing from you
最后一例中的 to 是介词,不是不定式标记。
5.2 哪些动词后接 -ing
常见动词包括 avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, imagine, keep, mind, practise, suggest。
The team considered changing the schedule.
不要写 consider to change。这类选择必须按搭配积累。
5.3 to do 与 doing 意义改变
stop
She stopped to answer the phone.停下原来的事,去接电话。She stopped answering the phone.不再接电话。
remember / forget
Remember to lock the door.记得去做,动作尚未发生。I remember locking the door.记得做过,动作已发生。
try
Try to restart the computer.努力去重启。Try restarting the computer.把“重启”作为一种解决办法试试看。
选择 `to do` 还是 `doing`,既受前面动词的搭配限制,也可能改变时间关系和句子意义。
5.4 现在分词作定语
The students waiting outside are from Class Two.
waiting outside 与 students 是主动关系,接近 the students who are waiting outside。
单个分词常前置,分词短语通常后置:
a growing problema problem affecting many families
5.5 现在分词作宾语补语
I heard someone calling my name.
calling 表示感知到动作正在展开。比较:
I saw her cross the street.看到了过街这一完整事件。I saw her crossing the street.看到她正处在过街过程中。
5.6 现在分词作状语
Walking into the room, Maya noticed the open window.
Maya 是 walking 和 noticed 的共同执行者。分词短语可以表达时间、原因、方式、伴随或结果,具体关系由语境决定。
Not knowing the answer, Maya remained silent.
这里可展开为 Because Maya did not know the answer ...。
6. 过去分词:被动关系或形成的状态
6.1 作定语
a damaged screenthe documents requested by the office
中心名词与分词动作通常是被动关系:屏幕“被损坏”,文件“被要求提交”。
6.2 作表语或形容词化表达
The door remained locked.I am interested in the topic.
比较:
The lecture was interesting.讲座引起兴趣。The students were interested.学生感到兴趣。
不能机械地记成“物用 -ing,人用 -ed”。真正依据是“引起感受”还是“感受到”。
6.3 作宾语补语
We found the window broken.
broken 说明宾语 the window 所处的状态。
I had my laptop repaired.
这里通常表示安排别人修理电脑;laptop 与 repair 是被动关系。
6.4 作状语
Viewed from above, the building forms a circle.
主句主语 the building 是“被观察”的对象,所以用过去分词。
Given more time, we could improve the design.
可展开为 If we were given more time ...。
7. 表示更早发生:完成式非谓语
当非谓语动作明显早于主句动作,可以使用完成形式。
- 主动:
Having finished the report, she sent it to the editor. - 被动:
Having been warned about the delay, we changed our route. - 不定式完成式:
He seems to have misunderstood the question.
如果先后关系已经由 after 或常识清楚表达,普通形式往往更自然,不必一律使用完成式。
8. 从句压缩为非谓语:可以压缩,但有条件
8.1 定语从句压缩
students who are waiting outsidestudents waiting outside
documents that were signed yesterdaydocuments signed yesterday
这种压缩常省略关系词和 be,或把主动动词改为分词。并非所有定语从句都能机械删除关系词。
8.2 状语从句压缩
When she entered the room, Maya noticed the window.Entering the room, Maya noticed the window.
压缩后,分词短语通常借用主句主语作为逻辑主语。因此两个动作的执行者必须一致。
8.3 不能这样压缩
错误:Driving to work, the rain began to fall.
语法上看,主句主语 the rain 会被误解为 driving 的执行者。
修改:
While I was driving to work, the rain began to fall.Driving to work, I noticed that it had begun to rain.
分词状语的逻辑主语必须清楚,通常与主句主语一致。
9. 独立主格:非谓语带自己的逻辑主语
如果非谓语动作的执行者与主句主语不同,可以明确写出自己的逻辑主语。
The meeting finished, everyone left the room.
the meeting是finished的逻辑主语。everyone是left的主语。
更常见的形式还有:
Weather permitting, the event will be held outdoors.
独立主格较正式,写作时应确认它确实比完整从句更清楚;否则写成 If the weather permits ... 更稳妥。
10. 阅读时的五步判断
例句:
Designed to reduce energy use, the system automatically turns off equipment left running overnight.
- 限定动词:
turns off。 Designed ...的逻辑主语:the system,二者是被动关系。to reduce ...说明设计目的。left running overnight修饰equipment。equipment被“留在某状态”,running说明该状态正在持续。
还原理解:这个系统被设计来降低能耗;它会自动关闭那些整夜仍被留在运行状态的设备。
11. 写作时的六项检查
- 句中是否已经有承担时态的限定动词?
- 新动作应该另起分句,还是作为名词、修饰语或状语?
- 前面的动词要求
to do、doing还是宾语加补语? - 非谓语动作的逻辑主语是谁?
- 主动用
doing、被动/状态用done是否合适? - 如果动作更早,是否需要
having done / to have done?
12. 高频错误
She enjoys to read.→She enjoys reading.We decided changing the plan.→We decided to change the plan.I look forward to hear from you.→I look forward to hearing from you.The teacher made us to rewrite it.→The teacher made us rewrite it.The problem is difficult to solve it.→The problem is difficult to solve.不定式中的宾语位置已由the problem补足。Seen the result, we changed the method.→Seeing the result, we changed the method.主语we主动“看”。Walking through the park, the trees looked beautiful.→ 改为Walking through the park, we thought the trees looked beautiful.
13. 快速复习清单
- 先划分分句,再区分限定动词和非谓语。
- 不定式常表示目标、内容、用途或后续动作。
-ing可把活动当作名词,也可表达主动或展开中的修饰关系。- 过去分词常表达被动关系或形成的状态。
to do / doing的选择受搭配和意义共同限制。- 分词状语必须检查逻辑主语。
- 非谓语没有独立时态,但可用完成、进行和被动形式表达相对关系。
14. 自检题
题目
- 找出限定动词和非谓语:
The students hope to finish preparing the display today. - 改错:
Mina suggested to take a short break. - 改错:
We look forward to meet the new instructor. - 选择并解释:
I saw him cross / crossing the road when the light changed. - 选择:
The documents requesting / requested yesterday are ready. - 选择:
Feeling / Felt tired, Nora went home early. - 解释差别:
He stopped to check the map与He stopped checking the map。 - 改正悬垂分词:
After reading the article, the conclusion seemed weak. - 改为分词定语:
The people who are waiting near the entrance should form a line. - 改为完整从句:
Given more information, we could make a better decision. - 填空:
The manager appears ___ (forget) the appointment.表示忘记发生在“看起来”之前。 - 用
have + 宾语 + 过去分词写一句安排他人完成服务的句子。
答案与解析
- 限定动词是
hope;to finish是不定式;preparing是finish的宾语。 Mina suggested taking a short break.suggest通常接动名词或that从句,不接to do。We look forward to meeting the new instructor.这里to是介词。- 两者都可能正确。
cross强调看到完整过街事件;crossing强调看到动作正在进行。题干带when the light changed时,若强调当时过程,crossing更自然。 requested。文件是“被要求提供”的对象。Feeling。主语 Nora 主动体验“感到疲倦”,不是被某人“感觉”。- 前者表示停下原来的事去查看地图;后者表示不再查看地图。
After reading the article, I thought the conclusion seemed weak.让阅读者成为主句主语;也可写完整从句。The people waiting near the entrance should form a line.If we were given more information, we could make a better decision.to have forgotten。完成不定式表示“忘记”早于当前“看起来”。- 示例:
I had my laptop repaired yesterday.my laptop与repair是被动关系。
把“看懂”变成“能独立判断”
确认你已经完成自检题,并能说出本章的判断步骤。