10 使役动词：让某人行动，让某物进入某种状态

本章学习目标

学完本章，你应该能够：

1. 看出使役结构中的促成者、受使者和结果动作/状态。
2. 正确构成 make/let/have + 宾语 + 动词原形。
3. 正确构成 get + 宾语 + to do 和 have/get + 物 + done。
4. 区分安排服务与意外遭遇。
5. 处理使役结构的被动形式及其他带使役意义的动词。

学前诊断：主语一定亲自完成动作吗

I had my laptop repaired yesterday. 是说“我亲自修了电脑”，还是“我安排别人修了电脑”？

1. 使役结构的三个角色

The instructor made the students rewrite the paragraph.

1. 促成者/使役者：The instructor
2. 受使者：the students
3. 受使者执行的动作：rewrite the paragraph

句子骨架是：

S + causative verb + O + object complement

the students 是 made 的宾语，同时是 rewrite 的逻辑主语。

2. make：迫使、导致或使变成

2.1 make + 宾语 + 动词原形

The deadline made us work faster.

主动使役结构中，不定式省略 to。

2.2 make + 宾语 + 形容词/名词

• The delay made everyone anxious.
• The board made Lena project leader.

后面的形容词或名词说明宾语进入的状态或身份。

2.3 语义范围

make 既可表示有意强迫，也可表示客观导致：

• The supervisor made us repeat the test. 强制要求。
• The news made us hopeful. 消息导致情绪变化。

2.4 被动语态恢复 to

We were made to repeat the test.

主动 `make + O + do`，被动 `be made + to do`。

3. let：允许或不阻止

3.1 let + 宾语 + 动词原形

The supervisor let us leave early.

let 后也使用裸不定式，不加 to。

3.2 let + 宾语 + 副词/介词短语

• Let me in.
• Let the issue rest for now.

3.3 被动通常改用 allow

let 的普通被动形式不常用。更自然：

We were allowed to leave early.

不要写 We were let to leave early。

4. have：安排、指派或经历

4.1 have + 人 + 动词原形

I had the assistant print two copies.

表示安排或要求某人完成任务，语气通常比 make 中性。

4.2 have + 物 + 过去分词

I had my laptop repaired.

• 宾语：my laptop
• 逻辑关系：电脑被修理
• 常见意义：安排专业人员提供服务

4.3 也可表示不由主语安排的遭遇

She had her bag stolen on the train.

这不是安排别人偷包，而是遭遇包被偷。要靠动词意义和语境判断。

5. get：说服、设法促成或完成处理

5.1 get + 人 + to do

We got the technician to check the system.

常暗示经过请求、说服或努力，终于让对方行动。与 make/let/have 不同，get 后保留 to。

5.2 get + 物 + 过去分词

We got the system checked before the meeting.

表示设法安排或完成处理，语气常比 have 更口语、更突出结果达成。

5.3 get + 宾语 + 形容词/分词

• Get the documents ready.
• We finally got the machine running.

后面的成分说明宾语达到的状态。

6. 四个核心动词对比

比较同一情境：

• The manager made Lee revise the report. 强制。
• The manager let Lee revise the report. 允许。
• The manager had Lee revise the report. 安排任务。
• The manager got Lee to revise the report. 说服或设法促成。

7. 动作执行者与承受者

宾语主动执行：用原形或 to do

• I had the technician check the device.
• I got the technician to check the device.

宾语承受动作：用过去分词

• I had the device checked.
• I got the device checked.

只换宾语位置和补语形式，意义关系就改变。

8. 其他带使役意义的动词

许多动词表达更具体的促成方式，并通常接 O + to do：

• allow/permit someone to do 允许
• force/compel someone to do 强迫
• persuade/convince someone to do 说服
• encourage someone to do 鼓励
• enable someone to do 使能够
• cause something to happen 导致
• help someone (to) do 帮助，to 常可省略

不要把 make 的裸不定式规则推广到所有使役意义动词。

9. 感官动词的相似结构

感官动词也可接宾语补语，但不表示使役：

• I saw him cross the street. 看见完整动作。
• I saw him crossing the street. 看见正在展开的过程。

它们与使役结构形式相似，都需要分析“宾语 + 补语”的逻辑主谓关系。

10. 阅读复杂使役结构

The new rule may have made several employees feel that their work was not valued.

1. 限定动词链：may have made。
2. make + employees + feel：员工是 feel 的逻辑主语。
3. that their work was not valued：feel 的内容从句。
4. 从句内部 was not valued 是被动。

整句：新规定可能已经让几名员工觉得自己的工作没有得到重视。

11. 写作时的五项检查

1. 你要表达强迫、允许、安排还是说服？
2. 宾语亲自做动作，还是承受处理？
3. make/let/have 后是否误加 to？
4. get + 人 后是否漏了 to？
5. 被动 be made 是否恢复 to，let 被动是否应改用 allow？

12. 高频错误

1. The teacher made us to rewrite it. → made us rewrite it.
2. They let us to leave. → let us leave.
3. I got him check the file. → got him to check the file.
4. We had the machine to repair. → 若安排维修，写 had the machine repaired.
5. We were made wait. → were made to wait.
6. We were let to leave. → We were allowed to leave.

13. 快速复习清单

• 使役结构包含促成者、受使者和结果动作/状态。
• make/let/have + 人 + 动词原形。
• get + 人 + to do。
• have/get + 物 + done 表物承受处理。
• have + 物 + done 可能是安排，也可能是遭遇。
• be made to do 被动时恢复 to。
• 其他使役意义动词多有自己的 O + to do 搭配。

14. 自检题

题目

1. 改错：The coach made the team to practise again.
2. 改错：Her parents let her to travel alone.
3. 填空：We got the technician ___ (inspect) the device.
4. 填空：We had the device ___ (inspect) before use.
5. 改为被动：The supervisor made us wait outside.
6. 改为更自然的被动：They let us enter early.
7. 解释：I had my watch repaired 与 I had the technician repair my watch。
8. 判断语境：He had his phone stolen 通常是安排还是遭遇？
9. 选择：The news made everyone feel / to feel relieved.
10. 用 get + 宾语 + 形容词/分词 写一句使某物进入状态的句子。