模块 03从句与后置修饰

11B 形容词性从句：先说核心名词，再用关系从句补充说明

定语从句的难点不在关系词数量，而在中英语序差异。中文常先说一长串修饰语再落到名词；英语通常先交代核心名词，再把较长的说明放到它后面。

约 16 分钟 16 个复习节点 学习中

本章学习目标

学完本章，你应该能够：

  1. 识别先行词、关系词和定语从句边界。
  2. 根据关系词在从句中承担的成分选择 who, whom, whose, which, that, where, when, why。
  3. 判断关系词何时可以省略、何时绝不能省略。
  4. 理解限定性与非限定性定语从句的意义差别。
  5. 阅读时还原回指关系，写作时把两个句子稳定合并。

学前诊断：地点名词后一定用 where 吗

选择：This is the city ___ I visited last year. 应填 where 还是 that/which？为什么？

答案与提示

填 that/which，也可以省略关系词。还原后是 I visited the city，从句缺少 visited 的宾语；where 适用于缺少地点关系的结构，如 the city where I lived。先看从句缺什么成分，再看先行词表示什么。

1. 核心直觉：英语先交代“谁/什么”，再补充“哪一个”

中文：

我昨天从课程网站下载的文件

英语先说核心名词：

the file

再说明这个文件与后面的分句有什么关系：

the file that I downloaded from the course website yesterday

  • 先行词 antecedent：the file
  • 关系词 relative word：that
  • 定语从句 relative clause：that I downloaded from the course website yesterday

加粗部分回答“哪一个文件”，因此整体像形容词一样修饰名词。形容词性从句、定语从句、关系从句在本课程中指同一大类结构。

2. 从两个句子生成一个定语从句

原始信息：

  1. The student won the competition.
  2. The student sits beside me.

想用第二句说明“是哪位学生”：

  1. 保留主句骨架：The student won the competition.
  2. 在说明句中找到重复名词：The student sits beside me.
  3. 用关系词替代重复名词：who sits beside me
  4. 紧跟先行词放置：The student who sits beside me won the competition.

关系词不是额外重复一个代词，而是已经代替了从句中的那个名词位置。

因此不能写：

The student who she sits beside me ...

who 已经是从句主语，再加 she 就重复了。

3. 关系代词：在从句中代替名词

3.1 who：指人，常作主语或宾语

The engineer who designed the bridge received an award.

还原从句：The engineer designed the bridge.

who 代替 the engineer，在从句中做主语。

The engineer who we interviewed received an award.

还原：We interviewed the engineer. 此时 who 做宾语。

3.2 whom：指人，正式语体中作宾语

The engineer whom we interviewed received an award.

在日常英语中，宾语位置常用 who 或直接省略：

  • the engineer who we interviewed
  • the engineer we interviewed

介词前置的正式结构中通常用 whom：

the engineer with whom we worked

3.3 whose：表示所属关系

The student whose laptop was missing contacted the office.

还原：The student's laptop was missing.

whose 后面通常直接接所属的名词。它既可指人，也可指事物或机构：

a company whose products are sold worldwide

3.4 which：指事物，也可指前面整件事

The method which produced the best result was selected.

限定性从句中，which 可作主语或宾语。

非限定性从句中的 which 还可概括前面整句话：

The meeting ended early, which surprised everyone.

这里 which 回指“会议提前结束”这件事。

3.5 that：限定性从句中的常用关系代词

The method that we selected is inexpensive.

that 可指人或事物，在限定性从句中作主语或宾语。它通常不用在非限定性从句中，也不能直接放在前置介词之后。

  • 正确：the method that we relied on
  • 正确：the method on which we relied
  • 不写：the method on that we relied

在传统考试规则中，先行词含最高级、序数词、all, everything, the only 等时常优先要求 that，如 the best solution that we found。真实英语中限定性 which 的接受度受语体和地区影响；备考时按题目所采用的规范处理。

4. 最可靠的选词方法：还原从句中的空位

4.1 从句缺主语

The person ___ called this morning left no message.

从句为 ___ called this morning，缺主语；先行词指人：

The person who/that called this morning ...

主语关系词不能省略。

4.2 从句缺宾语

The article ___ I mentioned is available online.

从句为 I mentioned ___，缺宾语；先行词指物：

  • the article that I mentioned
  • the article which I mentioned
  • the article I mentioned

限定性从句中的宾语关系代词常可省略。

4.3 从句缺所属限定语

The author ___ latest book won the prize ...

还原为 the author's latest book，所以用 whose：

The author whose latest book won the prize ...

4.4 从句主宾完整，缺介词关系

the town ___ she grew up

she grew up 主语和动词完整，但需要地点关系 in the town：

  • the town where she grew up
  • the town in which she grew up

先检查从句缺什么成分，再参考先行词指人、物、时间还是地点。

5. 关系副词：把“介词 + 先行词”的关系带进从句

5.1 where

This is the room where the interviews take place.

where 接近 in which。但先行词是地点名词，不代表一定用 where：

  • the city where I lived：I lived in the city，缺地点关系。
  • the city that I visited：I visited the city，缺宾语。

5.2 when

I remember the day when the results were announced.

when 接近 on which。如果从句中把 day 当宾语，则用关系代词：

I remember the day that we spent together.

5.3 why

No one knows the reason why the system failed.

why 接近 for which，先行词通常是 reason。在限定性从句中也常省略：

the reason the system failed

6. 关系词什么时候可以省略

可以省略

限定性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时常可省略：

The book (that) I borrowed is overdue.

不能省略

  1. 关系词作从句主语：The book that explains the rule ...
  2. 非限定性定语从句：My laptop, which I bought last year, ...
  3. 介词前置：the colleague with whom I worked
  4. whose 表所属：the student whose work improved

省略后要重新检查从句是否仍有主语。The student called me 既可能是完整句，也可能是 the student (whom) I called 的错误写法，语序不能混。

7. 限定性与非限定性：逗号会改变信息

7.1 限定性：确定“是哪一个”

The employees who completed the training may use the equipment.

只说完成培训的那部分员工。删掉从句后，范围发生变化。

7.2 非限定性：对象已经明确，补充信息

Ms. Patel, who completed the training, may use the equipment.

Ms. Patel 已经能唯一识别；从句只是补充说明。朗读时有停顿，书写时用逗号隔开。

7.3 逗号造成的意义差别

  • My colleagues who work remotely meet online. 只谈远程工作的同事。
  • My colleagues, who work remotely, meet online. 暗示这里所说的同事都远程工作。

非限定性从句通常不用 that，关系词也不省略。

8. 介词放在哪里

口语和一般写作中，介词常留在从句末尾：

The topic which we talked about was important.

正式写作中可以前置：

The topic about which we talked was important.

更自然的搭配通常是 the topic that we discussed，因为 discuss 直接带宾语，不加 about。

介词选择来自原动词或短语的搭配：

  • rely on → the method on which we relied
  • work with → the colleague with whom I worked
  • apply for → the position for which she applied

9. 定语从句与分词短语

某些定语从句可以压缩：

  • students who are waiting outside → students waiting outside
  • documents that were signed yesterday → documents signed yesterday
  • the first person who arrived → the first person to arrive

压缩后要保持逻辑关系清楚。不能看到关系词和 be 就一律删除；含情态、完成时、明确主语变化或复杂逻辑的从句往往保留更清楚。

10. 阅读定语从句的四步法

例句：

The evidence on which the committee based its decision has not been made public.

  1. 找先行词：the evidence。
  2. 圈出从句：on which the committee based its decision。
  3. 还原空位：the committee based its decision on the evidence。
  4. 接回主句：The evidence has not been made public.

整句：委员会作出决定所依据的证据尚未公开。

11. 写作合并四步法

原句：

I spoke to a researcher. The researcher studies language learning.

  1. 决定主要陈述：I spoke to a researcher.
  2. 找重复对象：a researcher / the researcher。
  3. 判断重复词在说明句中做主语，因此用 who。
  4. 把从句紧跟先行词：I spoke to a researcher who studies language learning.

若重复词在从句中做宾语：

I read the article. You recommended the article.

I read the article (that) you recommended.

12. 高频错误

  1. The I downloaded file is damaged. → The file that I downloaded is damaged.
  2. The file that I downloaded it is damaged. → 删除重复的 it。
  3. The person works here called me. → The person who works here called me. 主语关系词不能省略。
  4. This is the city which I grew up. → This is the city where/in which I grew up.
  5. This is the city where I visited last year. → This is the city that/which I visited last year.
  6. My tutor, that lives nearby, ... → 非限定性从句用 who。
  7. The colleague with who I worked ... → 正式结构用 with whom。

13. 快速复习清单

  • 长定语通常放在核心名词后。
  • 关系词既回指先行词，又在从句中承担成分或关系。
  • 选关系词先看从句缺什么，再看先行词所指对象。
  • 宾语关系代词在限定性从句中常可省略，主语关系词不能省略。
  • where/when 表示介词关系，不等于“地点词后/时间词后必用”。
  • 限定性从句决定范围；非限定性从句补充信息。
  • 非限定性从句通常不用 that，关系词不省略。

14. 自检题

题目

  1. 填空：The student ___ answered first received a bonus.
  2. 填空并写出可否省略：The report ___ we discussed yesterday is online.
  3. 选择：This is the museum where / that we visited last week.
  4. 选择：This is the museum where / that the exhibition was held.
  5. 改错：The laptop that I bought it last month has stopped working.
  6. 改错：The woman lives next door is a doctor.
  7. 合并：I thanked the colleague. I had worked with the colleague.
  8. 解释逗号差别：The students who passed may leave 与 The students, who passed, may leave。
  9. 判断 which 回指什么：The train was cancelled, which caused a long delay.
  10. 将 the documents that were signed yesterday 压缩为分词短语。
  11. 翻译：我正在使用你推荐的应用程序。
  12. 用 whose 写一句修饰机构或事物的定语从句。
答案与解析
  1. who/that。关系词在从句中作主语，不能省略。
  2. that/which，也可省略。它在从句中做 discussed 的宾语。
  3. that/which。visit 直接需要宾语：we visited the museum。
  4. where。从句主宾结构完整，需要 in the museum 的地点关系。
  5. The laptop that I bought last month ... 关系词已代替宾语，删除 it。
  6. The woman who lives next door is a doctor. 从句缺主语。
  7. I thanked the colleague with whom I had worked. 或较自然的 I thanked the colleague (who/whom) I had worked with.
  8. 无逗号时，只允许通过的那部分学生离开；有逗号时，暗示所说学生都通过了，从句只是补充信息。
  9. 回指“火车被取消”这整件事。
  10. the documents signed yesterday
  11. I am using the app that/which you recommended. 关系代词也可省略。
  12. 示例：We visited a company whose products are used worldwide.
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